The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross section of a weld.

A welding technique where the welding torches or gun is pointed toward the direction of welding.

Deforming into new shape by compressive force.

A solid-state welding process, which produces coalescence of material by the heat obtained from a mechanically induced rotating motion between tightly butted surfaces. The work parts are held together under pressure.

A solid welding process which produces coalescence of material by the heat obtained from a mechanically induced sliding motion between rubbing surfaces. The work parts are held together under pressure.