The iron oxide (FeO) coating normally found on the surface of hot rolled steels.

An arc-welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating with an arc between a covered metal (stick) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode.

The sum of the atomic weights of all the constituent atoms in the molecule of an element or compound.

The color of a surface that radiates light, containing an extremely small range of wavelengths.

The adherence of a thermal-spray deposit to a roughened surface by particle interlocking.