An electrical device used to change alternating current to direct current.

A test in which a transverse section of the weld is located in the center of the reduced section of the specimen.

A gas flame that has a reducing effect, due to the presence of excess fuel.

Weld metal, at the face or root, in excess of the metal necessary to fill the joint.

Stress remaining in a structure or member, as a result of thermal and/or mechanical treatment. Stress arises in fusion welding primarily because the melted material contracts on cooling from the solidus to room temperature.