The physical effect of stress, usually evidenced by stretching or other deformation of the material.

The load, or amount of a force, applied to a material, tending to deform or break it.

Cracking in the weld metal or heat affected zone during post-weld heat treatment or high temperature service.

Mode of metal transfer across the arc where the molten metal droplets are smaller than the electrode diameter and are axially directed to the weld puddle. Requires high voltage and amperage settings and a shielding gas of at least 80% argon.