Radius of curvature on a bend specimen or bent area of a formed part. Measured on the inside of a bend.

The metal (material) to be welded, brazed, soldered, or cut. See also substrate.

The metal or alloy that is welded, brazed, soldered, or cut.

A longitudinal sequence in which the weld bead increments are deposited in the direction opposite to the progress of welding the joint.