The heating of the parts of a structure to be welded before welding is started to minimize thermal shock and of slowing the cooling rate.

The initial press of a powder metal that forms a compact.

An apparatus for supplying current and voltage suitable for welding, cutting, etc.

Any heat treatment subsequent to welding.

The application of heat to an assembly after welding, brazing, soldering, thermal spraying, or cutting operation, for the purpose of tempering, stress-relieving, or annealing.