arc welding process / procedure used in the pipe industry.

Metal particles expelled during welding that do not form a part of the weld.

A test used to identify a metal. The metal is brought into contact with a power driven, high speed grinding wheel which produce spark patterns. These patterns are unique to several classes of ferrous metals.

The loss of particles or pieces from a surface due to cracking.

The highest temperature at which a metal or alloy is completely solid.